Jones,+Martin


 * Jones, Martin

Jones, Martin. "The Mozart Effect." //Human Intellegence//. Indiana Univeristy, 2003. Web. 7 Sep. 2010. [].


 * · "Any gained spatial intelligence lasts for only 15-20 minutes and no other noise should be heard while Mozart is played in order to ensure the brains capacity to infuse the music."


 * · "Listening to Mozart’s music is purported to only improve spatial intelligence, not general intelligence"


 * "In 1993, such a possibility was offered by researchers at the University of California, Irvine. Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993) found that a group of 36 college undergraduates improved their spatial-temporal intelligence (the ability to mentally manipulate objects in three-dimensional space) after listening to 10 minutes of a Mozart sonata. Results showed that student' IQ scores improved by 8-9 points and lasted for 10-15 minutes. The findings, which were later dubbed the Mozart effect, have spawned both criticism and support for music's ability to alter intelligence."


 * · "The biological evidence for music was developed by the original researchers using the biological functioning of the human brain."


 * " The original Mozart effect researchers based their rationale on the trion model of the cerebral cortex."


 * · "No evidence exists that supports a direct link between greater math ability and listening to Mozart’s music."


 * "The cerebral cortex is a part of the brain that helps with, among other things, motor control, speech, memory, and auditory reception."


 * "The trion model, developed by Shaw, showed that similar neural firings patterns occur when listening to music and performing spatial tasks (Leng & Shaw, 1991). Rauscher and Shaw hypothesized that listening to certain types of complex music may "warm-up" neural transmitters inside the cerebral cortex and thereby improve spatial performance"


 * "Instead, Mozart effect critics have claimed the spatial intelligence increase to be nothing more than a shift in participants' arousal, which then produces better spatial test scores"


 * · "No psychological study has attempted research in the area of Mozart and well being."


 * · "Mozart effect research has never been conducted on infants or babies."


 * ·" Very little music has been used in the Mozart Effect experiments (Mozart, Yanni, Phillip Glass, Aqua, Albinoni, and Schubert) and the impact of other artists and styles is unknown."


 * "The first Mozart effect publication showed participants' spatial intelligence scores improved by 8-9 points, by far the largest increase reported in the literature."


 * · "Georgia Governor Zell Miller proposed to spend $105,000 on classical music CD’s for newborns before a record company offered to provide them at no cost."


 * "When analyzing studies that only used spatial intelligence, results showed an increase of 2.1 general IQ points (Chabris, 1999). The IQ scores created by the meta-analysis may not be particularly promising since they are less than the normal standard deviation (15 points) found in the Fourth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, which includes the prominent spatial subtest used in Mozart effect research. Additionally, the meta-analysis IQ scores were not specifically calculated for spatial ability, but instead present an overall intelligence increase, which is beyond the scope intended by the original Mozart effect authors."
 * The original Mozart effect researchers based their rationale on the trion model of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is a part of the brain that helps with, among other things, motor control, speech, memory, and auditory reception. The trion model, developed by Shaw, showed that similar neural firings patterns occur when listening to music and performing spatial tasks (Leng & Shaw, 1991). Rauscher and Shaw hypothesized that listening to certain types of complex music may "warm-up" neural transmitters inside the cerebral cortex and thereby improve spatial performance